Reference · Small words

Small words

Every question word, preposition and particle from book lessons 1–5 in one list — the glue between the nouns and verbs. Only words the book or the teacher's test has actually used; the sheet grows with each lesson.

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Question words

The question word stands first; the rest of the sentence does not move. مَا before a noun, مَاذَا before a verb.

how

كَيْفَ

how are you?L1 · p. 4كَيْفَ حَالُكَ؟

what before a noun

مَا

what is your name?L2 · p. 11مَا اسْمُكَ؟

what before a verb

مَاذَا

what are you doing here?L2 · p. 11مَاذَا تَفْعَلُ هُنَا؟

and what about …?

وَمَاذَا عَنْ …؟

and what about your father?L3 · p. 24وَمَاذَا عَنْ وَالِدِكِ؟

where

أَيْنَ

where do you live?L2 · p. 11أَيْنَ تَعِيشُ؟

from where

مِنْ أَيْنَ

where are you from?L1 · p. 8مِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتَ؟

which + noun in kasra

أَيٌّ

which country are you from?L5 · p. 35مِنْ أَيِّ بَلَدٍ أَنْتَ؟

who

مَنْ

who is this?L3 · test p. 19مَنْ هَذَا؟

when

مَتَى

when can I visit it?L4 · p. 29مَتَى يُمْكِنُنِي زِيَارَتُهَا؟

how much / how many

كَمْ

how much is its rent?L4 · p. 27كَمْ إِيجَارُهَا؟

is …? / do …? yes–no question, Turkish mı / mi — at the front

هَلْ

are you a student?L3 · p. 18هَلْ أَنْتَ طَالِبٌ؟

is …? before ال the sukūn becomes kasra

هَلِ الْـ

is the apartment furnished?L4 · p. 26هَلِ الشَّقَّةُ مَفْرُوشَةٌ؟

is there …?

هَلْ هُنَاكَ

is there a parking space?L4 · p. 33هَلْ هُنَاكَ مَوْقِفٌ؟

Yes, no, not

A sentence without a verb (هَذِهِ مُشْكِلَةٌ) is negated by putting لَيْسَ in front. The word after it ends in fatḥa-tanwīn.

yes

نَعَمْ

yes, I am a studentL3 · p. 18نَعَمْ، أَنَا طَالِبٌ

لَا

no, it is not a problemL3 · p. 18لَا، لَيْسَتْ مُشْكِلَةً

is not masculine subject

لَيْسَ

it is not my bookL4 · p. 33لَيْسَ كِتَابِي

is not feminine subject

لَيْسَتْ

it is not a problemL4 · p. 26لَيْسَتْ مُشْكِلَةً

Prepositions

After every one of these the noun ends in kasra (kasra-tanwīn if indefinite): فِي الجَامِعَةِ، بِخَيْرٍ. بِـ and لِـ are written joined to the next word.

in, at

فِي

I study at the universityL1 · p. 4أَدْرُسُ فِي الجَامِعَةِ

from

مِنْ

I am from AmericaL3 · p. 20أَنَا مِنْ أَمْرِيكَا

from before ال the sukūn becomes fatḥa

مِنَ الْـ

from the bookstoreL3 · p. 17مِنَ المَكْتَبَةِ

to direction

إِلَى

I go to the park · until next timeL3 · p. 17 · L1 · p. 8أَذْهَبُ إِلَى الحَدِيقَةِ · إِلَى اللِّقَاءِ

on, upon so far only with an ending: عَلَيْكَ = upon you → “you must”

عَلَى

peace be upon you · you must payL1 · p. 3 · L4 · p. 27السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ · عَلَيْكَ دَفْعُ …

with a person

مَعَ

with my brother · with meL3 · p. 20مَعَ أَخِي · مَعِي

by, with a thing — joined to the word

بِـ

by car · I am fine (“in good”)L3 · p. 17 · L1 · p. 3بِالسَّيَّارَةِ · أَنَا بِخَيْرٍ

for, to joined to the word; with ال it becomes لِلـ

لِـ

parking for the cars · this is for the studentsL4 · p. 26 · L5 · p. 42مَوْقِفٌ لِلسَّيَّارَاتِ · هَذَا لِلطُّلَّابِ

about

عَنْ

and what about your sister?L3 · p. 24وَمَاذَا عَنْ أُخْتِكَ؟

far from adjective + عَنْ

بَعِيدٌ عَنْ

far from the mosqueL5 · p. 42بَعِيدٌ عَنِ المَسْجِدِ

next to, near Turkish civar

بِجِوَارِ

next to the house · next to youL5 · p. 42بِجِوَارِ البَيْتِ · بِجِوَارِكَ

between, among

بَيْنَ

welcome among usL5 · p. 35مَرْحَبًا بِكَ بَيْنَنَا

since, for a period of time

مُنْذُ

I have been living in Egypt for two yearsL5 · test p. 37أَعِيشُ فِي مِصْرَ مُنْذُ سَنَتَيْنِ

close to

قُرْبَ

close to the marketL3 · p. 20قُرْبَ السُّوقِ

near (to) adjective + مِنْ

قَرِيبٌ مِنْ

near to the universityL2 · test pp. 12–13قَرِيبٌ مِنَ الجَامِعَةِ

after

بَعْدَ

after the Asr prayerL4 · p. 29بَعْدَ صَلَاةِ العَصْرِ

at, with → “to have” + possessive ending; the alif becomes ي

لَدَى

do you have …? · we have apartmentsL4 · p. 27هَلْ لَدَيْكُمْ …؟ · لَدَيْنَا شُقَقٌ

Connecting words

وَ and سَـ are one letter, glued to the next word — they never stand alone.

and joined to the next word

وَ

I am Ahmad, and I am a MuslimL1 · test pp. 6–7أَنَا أَحْمَدُ وَأَنَا مُسْلِمٌ

but Turkish lâkin

لَكِنْ

but I will come with my sonL4 · p. 29لَكِنْ سَآتِي مَعَ اِبْنِي

that / to joins two verbs; the verb after it ends in fatḥa

أَنْ

I want to buy a bookL3 · p. 17أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَشْتَرِيَ كِتَابًا

will future: glued to the present tense

سَـ

I will be there · I will doL4 · p. 26 · L5 · p. 43سَأَكُونُ هُنَاكَ · سَأَفْعَلُ

will far future: a separate word before the present tense

سَوْفَ

I will do · you will come to know (Quran 102:3)L5 · p. 43سَوْفَ أَفْعَلُ · سَوْفَ تَعْلَمُونَ

O … calling someone; a name loses its tanwīn

يَا

O my brother · O MuhammadL1 · p. 8يَا أَخِي · يَا مُحَمَّدُ

Place, time, degree

here

هُنَا

I work hereL2 · p. 11أَعْمَلُ هُنَا

there at the front of a sentence: “there is”

هُنَاكَ

we work there · there is a private parkingL3 · p. 25 · L4 · p. 26نَعْمَلُ هُنَاكَ · هُنَاكَ مَوْقِفٌ خَاصٌّ

now

الآنَ

we are in our house nowL3 · p. 18نَحْنُ فِي بَيْتِنَا الآنَ

today

اليَوْمَ

are you going to the market today?L3 · p. 18هَلْ تَذْهَبُ إِلَى السُّوقِ اليَوْمَ؟

tomorrow

غَدًا

you can visit it tomorrowL4 · p. 29يُمْكِنُكَ زِيَارَتُهَا غَدًا

yesterday

أَمْسِ

vocabulary table only, no sentence yetL4 · p. 29

also, too

أَيْضًا

I am fine as wellL1 · p. 3أَنَا بِخَيْرٍ أَيْضًا

only

فَقَطْ

includes electricity and water onlyL4 · p. 27يَشْمَلُ الكَهْرَبَاءَ وَالمَاءَ فَقَطْ

many of, a lot of

كَثِيرٌ مِنْ

many of the students live close to meL5 · p. 35كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الطُّلَّابِ يَسْكُنُونَ قَرِيبًا مِنِّي

a lot after a verb

كَثِيرًا

they help me a lotL5 · test p. 37يُسَاعِدُونَنِي كَثِيرًا

some + noun in kasra

بَعْضُ

I have some friendsL5 · test p. 37لَدَيَّ بَعْضُ الأَصْدِقَاءِ

very after the adjective

جِدًّا

your house is very beautifulL2 · test pp. 12–13بَيْتُكُمْ جَمِيلٌ جِدًّا

Pointing words أَسْمَاءُ الإِشَارَةِ

هَـ-words point at what is near (this, these); ذَلِكَ، تِلْكَ، أُولَئِكَ at what is far (that, those). The word must match the person or thing: masculine or feminine; one, two, or many.

this m

هَذَا

this is my brotherL3 · p. 25هَذَا أَخِي

this f

هَذِهِ

this is my sisterL3 · p. 25هَذِهِ أُخْتِي

these two m

هَذَانِ

these two are Muhammad and UmarL3 · p. 25هَذَانِ مُحَمَّدٌ وَعُمَرُ

these two f

هَاتَانِ

these two are Layla and NadaL3 · p. 25هَاتَانِ لَيْلَى وَنَدَى

these a group of people

هَؤُلَاءِ

these are my brothersL3 · p. 25هَؤُلَاءِ إِخْوَتِي

that m

ذَلِكَ

that is a bookL3 · p. 25ذَلِكَ كِتَابٌ

that f

تِلْكَ

that is a student (f.)L3 · p. 25تِلْكَ طَالِبَةٌ

those a group of people

أُولَئِكَ

those are my brothersL3 · p. 25أُولَئِكَ إِخْوَتِي

Pronouns and their endings

The detached pronoun (L1, p. 9) and the possessive ending it turns into (L2, p. 16), shown on بَيْتٌ. The ending is the pronoun, shortened.

Who	Pronoun	Ending	… house
I	أَنَا	ـِي	بَيْتِي
we	نَحْنُ	ـنَا	بَيْتُنَا
you one male	أَنْتَ	ـكَ	بَيْتُكَ
you one female	أَنْتِ	ـكِ	بَيْتُكِ
you two	أَنْتُمَا	ـكُمَا	بَيْتُكُمَا
you group of males	أَنْتُمْ	ـكُمْ	بَيْتُكُمْ
you group of females	أَنْتُنَّ	ـكُنَّ	بَيْتُكُنَّ
he	هُوَ	ـهُ	بَيْتُهُ
she	هِيَ	ـهَا	بَيْتُهَا
they two	هُمَا	ـهُمَا	بَيْتُهُمَا
they group of males	هُمْ	ـهُمْ	بَيْتُهُمْ
they group of females	هُنَّ	ـهُنَّ	بَيْتُهُنَّ

The same endings sit on prepositions and verbs: مَعِي، لَدَيْكُمْ، عَلَيْكَ، بِكِ — and on a verb “me” is ـنِي: يُمْكِنُنِي (L4, p. 26).